Microdiscectomy
Minimally invasive surgery to relieve nerve compression from a herniated disc
Microdiscectomy is one of the most common and effective spine surgeries performed today. Through a small incision — typically less than an inch — a surgeon uses a microscope or endoscope to remove the portion of a herniated disc that is pressing on a spinal nerve. Most patients experience significant leg pain relief within days of surgery. It is most often performed for lumbar (lower back) disc herniations causing sciatica.
Who Is a Candidate?
- Herniated lumbar disc with sciatica that has not improved after 6–12 weeks of conservative care
- Progressive leg weakness or numbness caused by nerve compression
- Severe, unrelenting leg pain interfering with daily function
- Loss of bladder or bowel control (emergency indication)
- MRI-confirmed disc herniation consistent with symptoms
What to Expect
1Before Surgery
You will typically have an MRI confirming the herniation and a consultation with a spine surgeon. Pre-operative testing (blood work, EKG) may be required. The procedure is usually done outpatient or with a single overnight stay. Avoid food and drink after midnight the day before surgery.
2The Procedure
Under general anesthesia, the surgeon makes a small incision in the lower back, gently moves the back muscles aside, and removes a small portion of bone (laminotomy) to access the disc. Using a surgical microscope, the herniated fragment pressing on the nerve is carefully removed. The disc is not fully removed — only the fragment causing the problem. The entire procedure typically takes 45–90 minutes.
3Recovery
Most patients walk within hours of surgery. You can typically return home the same day or the next morning. Light activity resumes within 1–2 weeks; desk work in 2–4 weeks; physical labor or heavy lifting in 4–6 weeks. Physical therapy usually begins 2–4 weeks post-op. Full recovery to unrestricted activity typically occurs in 6–8 weeks.
Typical Outcomes
Microdiscectomy has a high success rate — approximately 85–90% of patients report significant improvement in leg pain (sciatica) after surgery. Back pain improvement is less predictable. The procedure does not prevent future disc problems at the same or adjacent levels, but most patients achieve durable relief for many years.
Risks & Considerations
- Recurrent disc herniation at the same level (5–15% lifetime risk)
- Infection at the surgical site (rare, <1%)
- Dural tear causing cerebrospinal fluid leak (1–2%, usually managed conservatively)
- Nerve injury or temporary increase in numbness/weakness (rare)
- Deep vein thrombosis — prevented with early walking
- Failure to achieve full pain relief if disc herniation was not the sole cause of symptoms
Frequently Asked Questions
How long will I be in the hospital after microdiscectomy?
Most microdiscectomy procedures are performed outpatient — you go home the same day. Some surgeons prefer a single overnight observation stay, particularly for patients with complicating factors. Hospital stays longer than 1 night are uncommon for uncomplicated microdiscectomy.
What is the difference between microdiscectomy and a standard discectomy?
A standard (open) discectomy requires a larger incision and more muscle retraction. Microdiscectomy uses a microscope or endoscope through a smaller incision, resulting in less muscle damage, less post-operative pain, faster recovery, and lower infection risk. Most lumbar disc surgery today is performed using the microsurgical technique.
Will the herniated disc come back after surgery?
Recurrent herniation at the same level occurs in roughly 5–15% of patients over their lifetime. This is more common in the first few years after surgery. Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy lifting with poor form, and strengthening core muscles can reduce recurrence risk.
Can I have microdiscectomy if I have a cervical (neck) herniation?
Microdiscectomy specifically refers to the lumbar approach. For cervical (neck) disc herniations causing arm pain, the standard surgical approach is ACDF (Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion) or cervical disc replacement, which approaches the disc from the front of the neck.
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Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or surgical procedure. Last reviewed March 2026. CPT: 63030.